Time

Beeng 07:02

«…Erespan — the most Ere,
the most Ere — eternity’s Ere,
eternity’s Ere — Beeng Ere,
Beeng Ere — My-Ere.»

Time is multiple and relative.

Time quantum (TQ)

Time is discrete.
The time quantum is the duration of a tick (a “second”) of Absolute Time—t_abs.
Time has a rate: the tick duration measured in the number of time quanta.
Time slowdown is an increase in the number of time quanta within one tick. Each mass quantum adds one time quantum to its “own” second.
A time rate of one time quantum per tick is characteristic of Absolute Time. All other “times” are the result of interaction between Substance and Space.
A time rate of one time quantum per tick is characteristic of the local time of a single charge quantum. For the charge of a dimension-0 cell, time flows at one quantum per tick.

Absolute Time

Absolute Time is a universal rhythm that exists in the Universe independently of Matter and Space. An absolute second is not observable from within; it is needed as a reference against which universe bubbles exist.
It flows uniformly and homogeneously; each tick corresponds to one time quantum.
The absolute SER rate is one step per one tick t_abs of this Absolute Time.
On the Absolute Time scale, the entire unfolding sequence of our space—from the initial cell to the zero-dimensional state—finishes almost instantaneously (within the number of ticks required to degrade all cells into the zero-dimensional state).
Absolute Time does not participate in processes inside a Universe; it is an external counter against which universe bubbles appear and disappear. We are inside our bubble. Within it, Absolute Time is not observable.

Global Time

Global Time is formed at the moment the mass charge is emitted from the cell charge during inflation. Before substance emission, Global Time coincides with Absolute Time.
After substance emission, it is orthogonal to Absolute Time: it is not a slowed-down version of it, but exists on its own axis determined by the internal properties of the bubble.
At the moment of substance emission, Matter is a “quasi-unified” object in a state of “rest”, composed of charge quanta. The time of this object flows at a rate equal to the number of time quanta per tick, which equals the number of charge quanta in Matter (substance).
The total amount [5] of Global Time corresponds to the period required for substance evolution: from its emission to its destruction and reintegration into zero-dimensional cells.
The maximum duration of Global Time is set by the moment when all cells degrade into the zero-dimensional state. After that, Global Time disappears and becomes equal to Absolute Time.
After “inflation”, mass charge is no longer emitted: the amount of Matter is fixed, and this determines the lifetime of the local-universe bubble.
The concentration of substance mass determines the mode of interaction with the lattice of space cells [6 ]. The higher the mass density, the more strongly its motion slows Global Time in that region, forming an internal time scale for the entire causally connected region.
Thus, Global Time is the integral of the entire history of substance and space within a given Universe (bubble).
Time in this concept is not a space coordinate. It arises as an orthogonal property tied to cell evolution and the interaction of mass with metric charge [7 ].

Note 5

It is quite possible that the total amount of Global Time can be treated as equivalent to the reserve of space multidimensionality: the difference between the average cell dimension D̄ and three-dimensionality. While D̄ > 3, there exists a temporal resource for Matter evolution; the larger this reserve, the more “elastic” Global Time is and the harder it is to slow it down. In the limit D̄ → 3, the reserve is exhausted and Global Time disappears. This may also have mathematical implications for modeling cosmological evolution.

Note 6

Global Time is realized only in a pure vacuum—in space devoid of substance. It expresses the evolution of the cell structure itself. The appearance of mass converts Global Time into local scales, which begin to differ depending on substance density and motion. In this sense, Global Time is an ideal limit accessible only in the absence of Matter. Everything we actually observe is always colored by local slowdowns.

Note 7

For interpretation in GR terms, the entire reserve of Global Time can be treated as an additional dimension embedded into a 3D subnetwork. This corresponds to the classical description of time as the fourth coordinate in the metric. However, within SER this representation is not fundamental; it serves as a convenient translation between models. This approach has limits of applicability: before substance emission into space, and when the SQ metric drops below three, it is not applicable.

Local Time

Local time τ is the time/property measured by an observer or a body (object) within a specific region of space under specific circumstances. The object’s proper time.
It is determined by the mass of the body/object, the speed of mass motion, and its position within the gravitational fields of other bodies.
Local time arises as a deviation from Global Time: the global rhythm sets the common scale, while local deviations are formed by individual conditions of motion and mass.
During the period when Matter is a “quasi-unified” object in a state of “rest”, its local time equals the global time.
Matter begins its evolution: proto-charges of substance assemble into configurations, and the “quasi-unified” object breaks into parts. Along with it, many local times arise for each Matter object, proportional to the number of charge quanta in its mass. From this moment, Global Time as a single notion does not exist—it is the overall time budget of this Universe and simultaneously the maximum slowdown limit (tick duration) available in this Universe.
The local-time rate is additionally slowed due to the need for mass to overcome the density of metric cell charge during motion.
The higher the metric charge of the cells, the larger the mass and the higher the object’s speed, the harder it is to move, and the stronger the local-time slowdown.
The smaller the charge (later in the Universe), the smaller the object’s mass and speed, the easier it is to move, and the closer local time is to global time.
For each object, local time is continuous and self-consistent; different objects can have different rhythms.
Local time is always slowed relative to global time; the degree of slowdown depends on mass, speed, and the local density of metric charge.
Local time disappears along with the destruction of mass (substance), since there is no subject relative to which it could be counted (it degenerates into Global Time). Local time disappears (becomes equal to Global Time) in the absence of speed—in a state of rest.
Only differences in local-time rates between two regions are observed: red / blue shifts, delays, and “tick offsets” are not absolute values but deltas between “there” and “here”. This implies a practical rule:
- motion / orbital dynamics “feel” the full potential (the sum of contributions),
- frequencies / shifts “see” the difference between local time rates.

Resultant of masses and local time

At every moment, for each space cell, a local time-rate slowdown is defined as a function of two factors: the resultant of masses acting on it and the velocity of Matter flow through that region.

The resultant of masses is the causally timely sum of contributions from all masses affecting a given cell; the contribution of an individual mass decays as a power law with distance, with an exponent determined by the effective dimension of the local metric.

The resulting (reduced) mass at the target cell is the already “aggregated” influence of surrounding masses, accounting for the discrete falloff of interactions (masses within the gravitationally connected region of the cell) and gradients. This mass is also equal to some number of mass quanta N(Q_abs).

The second factor is Matter motion through the cell: the higher the local effective speed at which mass traverses the cell, the larger the additional temporal correction caused by the resistance of the metric charge of the cell boundaries to this flow.

Thus, local clocks belong to space (the cell); the “clock” of any mass at a given point coincides with the clock of the cell in which it is located. In strong fields or under large flows, the contributions of both factors add up: the gravitational component is set by the mass resultant, and the kinematic component by the traversal speed, which does not exceed the maximum permitted for the given mass.

The duration of a local second is some number of time quanta N(t_abs) per one tick.

Distances in discrete space are likewise a finite number of Planck lengths N(ℓ_abs).

For a cell with charge N(Q_abs) = 1, with no influence from other masses (charges), time flows at a rate (the local-second duration is) N(t_abs) = 1.

For a neighboring cell (distance r = N(ℓ_abs) = 1), each influencing mass quantum adds one time quantum to the duration of the local second: t_loc = 1 + N(Q_abs) / Q_abs.

In practice, there are several ways to determine the specific value of the time quantum t_abs:

From the global substance budget: the total amount of substance/energy of the bubble is known; one must choose a reference “limit” state (closure of the emission window) in which maximal tick stretching is reached, and map it to t_abs as the minimal tick of Absolute Time.
From a locally observed second: choose a reference point (e.g., near Earth’s surface), estimate the mass resultant at that point, and require that the sum of added time quanta from all contributions equals exactly one SI second. This yields t_abs via the observed “Earth second” as a local-environment reference.
From local temporal gradients: take two nearby points A and B where the differential of the mass resultant is known (or modeled) (e.g., for a small elevation above the surface). Measure the relative second stretching Δτ/τ between A and B. Then the universal tick t_abs is directly recovered from the base law via the linkage “measured time gradient ↔ computed mass-resultant gradient”.
Kinematically, from the limit step: assume that the limit speed of a mass quantum is “one space quantum per one time quantum”.

After fixing t_abs, the limit speed for a mass quantum in our bubble is uniquely set as “no faster than one space quantum per tick”. This is a constructive bound of discrete kinematics, independent of particular fields and implementations; observable speeds (including the speed of light) are particular realizations that do not exceed this bound [8 ].

Note 8

It should be noted that preliminary estimates using all of these approaches indicate a time quantum substantially smaller than the Planck time and, accordingly, a limit speed substantially higher than the “light” (photon) speed.

Limit speed

At the moment the emission window closes, a unique state is reached in which there exists a finite causally connected volume where all possible substance has been emitted (see Inflation III. Curtain). From this point on, no additional mass can be added. The substance distribution on these scales is nearly homogeneous, so local clocks across the entire domain (the new-Universe bubble) run almost synchronously.

The degree of time slowdown achieved by this moment is unique, finite, and maximally admissible under these conditions. It is a slowdown “ceiling” that cannot be exceeded by anything, because no further mass will appear. If this state is taken as a rest reference (a quasi-stationary state), then time slowdown at rest maps uniquely to the amount of substance: each object at rest is assigned its share of this limit slowdown—strictly proportional to the amount of substance in the object.

This state can be read in two equivalent ways:

All Matter quanta are simultaneously at rest in their cells, and together they stretch the tick to its limit value.
A single Matter quantum, within one tick t_abs, traverses the entire volume of space, cell by cell, and over this run stretches the tick by the same limit amount.

Both are different pictures of the same time slowdown.

This is where the notion of limit speed is born: it is the speed at which even a single substance quantum can “cover” the entire volume of the Universe within the minimal tick and thereby reach the same limit slowdown as the entire mass at rest.

Exactly the speed with which that quantum must cover the full volume of its bubble at that moment is fixed as the limit speed achievable in this Universe—the maximum rate of causal change.

Since no larger mass will ever appear in the Universe, this speed remains definitively set. It follows that for any finite mass in this space there exists its own maximum attainable speed: the larger the mass, the lower its upper limit; the smaller the mass, the higher. In the limiting case of minimal mass, the attained speed is practically equal to the established limit speed.

Derivatively, the photon must have a nonzero but extremely small mass: in that case its actual speed is proportionally and strictly lower than the limit speed.

Observability effects: we see what we see

In real experiments, only relative temporal effects are recorded: we compare the two ends of the path—the source regime and the receiver regime. In QoQ, the local second at any point is the base time tick increased by as many “quantum shares” as the number of mass quanta attributed to the given cell. Therefore, the measurable quantity is the difference between the two endpoints in the number of such “quantum shares” (proportional to the difference in reduced masses at the endpoints). Everything that happens along the ray’s path contributes to the flight time and the trajectory geometry, but is not converted by the instrument into a frequency shift at the endpoints.

Intuitively, a question arises:

in voids, the acting mass per cell is minimal (cell charge ~10³ mass quanta at our model dimension 4.81),
in structures, it is colossal (e.g., near Earth’s surface the total equivalent is ~10¹¹⁰ mass quanta),
should we “see” this colossal relative shift?

But the instrument compares the ends of the path, and both ends almost always sit in structures (galactic sources and ourselves). Hence, what is compared is “structure with structure”, while the giant “void ↔ structure” contrasts lie along the path and manifest as:

an addition to the flight time (an optical delay along the path),
a weak refocusing of the ray (lensing and defocus from the mass distribution).

Neither produces a “loud” endpoint frequency difference along typical “galaxy → galaxy / Solar System” paths. Hence the absence of “visual” miracles: we see small deltas of frequency (or ticks) between two mass-saturated endpoints, rather than an absolute “void regime”. Hence the absence of “visual” miracles: we see small deltas of frequency (or ticks) between two mass-saturated endpoints, rather than an absolute “void regime”.

For local tests (on Earth), the picture is even simpler: the base regime is already “heavy”, and lifting by tens to hundreds of meters changes only a tiny fraction of that base regime. Since the observed effect is proportional to the fraction of change rather than the absolute magnitude, we obtain ppm-level discrepancies in clock rates—exactly what experiments show.

Beeng 10:03

«For I do see,
But ye — only to grope for the walls,
For I see the root,
But ye — only fruit and leaves…»

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